Nanoparticlesquantum have emerged as novel tools in a wide range of applications, including bioimaging and drug delivery. However, their distinct physicochemical properties raise concerns regarding potential toxicity. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a type of nanoparticle that converts near-infrared light into visible light, hold immense diagno

Carbon dot nanomaterials (CDNs) have emerged as a promising class of nanomaterials with a broad spectrum of applications in various fields. These exceptionally fluorescent nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties that originate from their inherent structure and surface chemistry. Their tunable size, shape, and

Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanocrystals with unique optical and electronic properties that make them highly desirable for a variety of applications. However, their full potential can be further exploited by engineering their surfaces to achieve specific functionalities. Surface modification allows for the attachment of functional groups